Academic Paper
“This paper examines the impact of a national cash transfer program on labor supply in Iran. In 2011, Iran started monthly deposits of cash into individual accounts covering more t… View
"This paper makes the first attempt to empirically examine the effect of site value taxation on the value of land and explore the differential effects across various types of land … View
Article
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“We hypothesize that labor participation in governance helps improve risk sharing between employees and employers. It provides an ex post mechanism to enforce implicit insurance co… View
“We examine the relationship between board-level codetermination and corporate social responsibility in German companies, engaging with two distinct literatures. Most quantitative … View
"In view of the decline in gain sharing by corporations with American workers over the last forty years, advocates for American workers have expressed growing interest in allowing … View
"Workers should have representation on corporate boards of directors in the United States. Employees are key stakeholders whose contribution is necessary for the success of innovat… View
“In 2018, in response to growing concerns over corporate wealth, wage stagnation, and income inequality, Senator Elizabeth Warren proposed a bill that would require U.S. companies … View
“Codetermination—a system of shared corporate governance between shareholders and workers—has been mostly ignored within the U.S. corporate governance literature. When it has made … View
Report
"In the midst of rapid technological change, political polarization and a fragile economic recovery, it is critical that we define, assess and implement new pathways to growth and … View
“Economic research on the safety net has evolved over time, moving away from a focus on the negative incentive effects of means-tested assistance on employment, earnings, marriage,… View
“This article presents the findings of a review of the impact of non-contributory cash transfers on individuals and households in low- and middle-income countries, covering the lit… View
“As of December 2021, the expanded Child Tax Credit has delivered six monthly payments, reaching over 61 million children in more than 36 million households nationwide. A continuou… View
In 2012 the Australian Capital Territory (the Territory) began a multi-decade task of major land tax reform to exchange taxes on transactions for taxes on the economic rents that a… View
"A key policy question in evaluating social programs to address childhood poverty is how families receiving unconditional financial support would spend those funds. Economists have… View
"This article examines the effect of cash versus in-kind transfers on local prices. Both types of transfers increase the demand for normal goods; in-kind transfers also increase su… View
“Universal basic income (UBI) is an increasingly popular policy proposal but there is no evidence regarding its longer-term consequences. We study UBI in a general equilibrium mode… View
"This paper advances two arguments: first, that basic income guarantees are unlikely to achieve the objectives of alleviating poverty, income inequality, or poor standards of livin… View
"We develop a critique of the single-tax proposal of Henry George. We present a simple search-theoretic model for the discovery of natural resources and show that a tax on the unim… View
“This paper explores the relationship between aggregate land rents and public expenditure in a residential urban economy.” View
“A number of economists have argued that a property tax with a lower rate applied to improvement values than to land values is superior to a property tax with a uniform tax rate th… View
"Pennsylvania is the only state government in the U.S. to enable split-rate property taxation among its local governments. Since 1913, Pennsylvania has produced a body of sustained… View
"We randomized over 5,000 US individuals in poverty to one of three conditions during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: receiving a one-time $500 unconditional cash transfer… View
“We use novel, large-scale data on 43 million Americans from the 2000 Census and the 2001 to 2013 American Communities Survey linked to the Social Security Administration’s NUMIDEN… View
“Key takeaways: Basic income cannot be seen as a silver bullet and isolated from the rest of the policy space. It is to be treated as part of a system-wide response to converging c… View
"This paper has two purposes. First, it documents the historical context of MINCOME, a Canadian guaranteed annual income field experiment (1974 to 1979). Second, it uses routinely … View
"The notion of a universal basic income (“UBI”) has captivated academics, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and ordinary citizens in recent months. Pilot studies of a UBI are underway o… View
View
“In 1997, the Mexican government designed the conditional cash transfer program Progresa, which became the worldwide model of a new approach to social programs, simultaneously targ… View
“Using two new data sets from France, the authors present the first study of the comparative productivity of labor-managed and conventional firms involving large representative sam… View
Given an unequal economy, this paper examines the most efficient strategies for redistribution. They use an econometric model that reproduces the levels of income and wealth inequa… View
Poll
The poll ran from August 2nd - 5th in 2020, with a sample size of 2,850 registered voters. View
U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin's bill to implement codetermination. View
A conservative call for stronger labor institutions, in particular seeking to reform and reinvigorate the laws that govern organizing and collective bargaining. The letter sites ri… View
A report for the incoming Mayor of London, advocating for a land value tax trial in the city. View
Fifteen cities in Pennsylvania are pioneering an innovative approach to local tax reform that harnesses market incentives for urban renewal. Opting for the so-called "two-rate" or … View
"Land value taxation has numerous potential advantages compared to conventional property taxes on capital and land. The models that establish these advantages, however, are grounde… View
"Urban sprawl has become a policy concern of national prominence. Land or split-rate taxes are one potential way to address this issue. In theory, such taxes can lower the land/cap… View
"There has recently been much public debate about the introduction of a land value tax. To its supporters such a tax promises to achieve several goals simultaneously. On closer ins… View
"This study examines how replacing a uniform property tax with a land value tax (LVT) would shift the tax burden for single-family residential properties in Tarrant County, Texas, … View
With the rapid development of computer, artificial intelligence and big data technology, artificial neural networks have become one of the most powerful machine learning algorithms… View
"This paper reports on the results of simulating a revenue-neutral shift from a statewide uniform property tax to a land value tax. The statewide economic impacts of such a tax ref… View
The paper examines the effect of taxing structures at a lower rate than land on the level of construction in 15 Pennsylvania municipalities between 1972 and 1994. These municipalit… View
"In the postwar era, developed economies have experienced two substantial trends in the net capital share of aggregate income: a rise during the last several decades, which is well… View
Simulates a UBI funded by land value taxation (”land dividend”) in the UK. They find a 1% land divided could fund a UBI of £16 per week, reducing poverty by 20% and benefitting 70%… View
"Generally, subsidies increase the supply of goods beyond optimal amounts, and generate deadweight losses. The urban fringes receive implicit land-rent subsidies from the governmen… View
"The author estimates the effect that a land value tax on commercial and industrial property would have in Minnesota. There would be winners and losers, but concurrent declassifica… View
"In 1979–80, the city of Pittsburgh restructured its property tax system by raising the rate on land to more than five times the rate on structures. This paper explores the impact … View
"The objective of this research is to evaluate a land value tax as a potential policy tool to moderate sprawling development in Nashville, TN, the nation’s most sprawling metropoli… View
"City Council on Monday informally agreed to eliminate its sometimes-controversial “land value” property tax, starting next year, because the tax never proved to be effective and b… View
"Incentive and liquidity effects of Pittsburgh's land value tax system are hypothesized to encourage new housing development. To test this hypothesis, an econometric model is estim… View
“This paper considers how land value taxation (LVT) may resolve the dilemma of declining central cities and sprawling urban areas. Literature review, discussions with professionals… View
“The literature examining the link between the intensity of urban land use and methods of local finance is examined. The widely held notion that the switch from a general property … View
“The paper explores the determinants of land value and rent level in a large cross-section of German municipalities, controlling for several amenities, disamenities, the local stru… View
"The taxation of property based on market values requires frequent appraisals for a large number of properties. In light of the recent property tax reform discussion in Germany, it… View
“We use a unique data-set to examine to what extent changes in the Danish land tax are capitalized into house prices. The Danish local-government reform in 2007, which caused tax i… View
“This paper reviews arguments for land value taxation (LVT) as a tool to stop urban sprawl, eliminate land speculation, reduce housing costs, and provide tax relief. It is found th… View
"A land value tax is a recurrent tax on landowners based on the value of unimproved land. There is a widely held view that a land value tax is an economically efficient means of ta… View
"We estimate the first cross-sectional index of transaction-based land values for every U.S. metropolitan area. The index accounts for geographic selection and incorporates novel s… View
A case for responding to the economic effects of the Covid-19 crises by shifting federal tax burdens onto land value taxes. The authors develop an econometric model of the US econo… View
Provides a qualitative review of existing codetermination laws, and a quantitative study on the country-level effects of codetermination reforms between the 1960's and 2010's. Over… View
"We provide evidence that democracy has a significant and robust positive effect on GDP. Our empirical strategy relies on a dichotomous measure of democracy coded from several sour… View
While Germany is often used as an example for strong codetermination laws, there are far deeper potential applications of economic democracy to corporate governance. This study com… View
Book
"We analyse how countries' innovation outcomes are affected by national legislations of worker participation to corporate governance. We develop a model of employee representation … View
"Fighting Short-Termism With Worker Power asks, “Can Germany’s co-determination system fix American corporate governance?” Prioritizing immediate increases in share price and payou… View
"Like collective bargaining coverage, codetermination is becoming less and less significant in German companies. Only a minority of employees, especially in East Germany, work in c… View
"We estimate the effects of a mandate allocating a third of corporate board seats to workers (shared governance). We study a reform in Germany that abruptly abolished this mandate … View
"This paper examines the effect of the German co-determination law of 1976 (MitbestG) on the innovative activity of German firms. Co-determination applies to firms with 2000 employ… View
"We present the first panel estimates of the productivity effects of the unique German institution of parity, board-level co-determination. Although our data span two severe recess… View
"Many studies on the effect of codetermination at company-level reveal its significant influence on wage levels within companies. However, does this effect at the micro-level resul… View
"The event study examines the impact of decisions of German courts during the period 1974-1995 on co-determination issues on the stock price developments of the firms concerned. Th… View
"If workers are wealth maximizers, codetermination should lead to less risky investments, smaller dividends, reduced firm leverage, higher and more stable salaries, and more capita… View
"Under the German corporate governance system of "codetermination," employees are legally allocated some control rights over corporate assets, in the form of board seats. We empiri… View
Federal investment in housing: we asked respondents whether they would support a large scale investment in public housing. Forty-three percent of likely 2018 voters in support, 40 … View
While these study found negative economic effects, the same studies contradict their findings in a series of future studies, finding a series of positive effects. View
"We document the consequences of open market share repurchases in a global setting, using over 20,000 announcements from 32 countries. Non-U.S. buybacks are associated, on average,… View
"Democratic senators are embracing the idea of putting employee representatives on corporate boards—which could bolster not just worker power and income but American democracy as w… View
"Much of the American labor force spends time in "private governments" over which they have little say during and beyond the work day. Do Americans prefer to work for businesses th… View
"This study examines whether parity codetermination at German supervisory boards improves labor investment efficiency at firm level. We focus on labor, as it is an important produc… View
"We analyze how direct employee voice affects financial leverage. German law mandates that firms’ supervisory boards consist of an equal number of employees’ and owners’ representa… View
"We analyze private fixed investment in the U.S. over the past 30 years. We show that investment is weak relative to measures of profitability and valuation – particularly Tobin’s … View
"Empirical analysis comparing univariate and bivariate probit models reveals that the results from the former are negatively biased; potentially indicating that prior research may … View
"Employee attitude is very important for management to determine the behavior of workers in the organization. The usually judgment about employees is that “A satisfied worker is a … View
"Outside directors and audit committees are widely considered to be central elements of good corporate governance. We use a 1999 Korean law as an exogenous shock to assess whether … View
"What is a just society? It is a society in which the real freedom to do whatever one might wish to do is fairly distributed among all. This conception of social justice combines f… View
"A well-functioning tax system requires that everyone pays the taxes they owe. Today, the “tax gap”—the difference between taxes that are owed and collected—totals around $600 bill… View
Simulations done using the Landman Economics tax-benefit model. A primary limitation of this model is that it assumes UBI has no effect on individuals’ labor market behavior, i.e.,… View
Satisfaction with U.S. economy down 25 points since 2020. Satisfaction with crime, terrorism, racial issues also down sharply. Most widespread satisfaction with military strength; … View
One of the most common arguments against universal basic income is the idea that it will cause inflation. In this paper I will review the theoretical interactions between an univer… View
"We study the introduction of Universal Basic Income (UBI) with a particular focus on how it affects real estate and the urban environment. The main effect of UBI is a trade-off be… View
"The U.S. has a plethora of federal and state tax and benefit programs, each with its own work incentives and disincentives. This paper uses the Fiscal Analyzer (TFA) to assess how… View
US Census Bureau report on income and poverty for 2019. View
"Universal basic income takes on distinct forms in different historical and geographic contexts. It varies based on the funding proposal, the level of payment, the frequency of pay… View
Converting the current Child Tax Credit to a child allowance—by making it fully refundable, increasing its value to $3,600 per child age 0-5, $3,000 per child age 6-17, and distrib… View
A look back on the results of the basic income pilot program carried out in Namibia. View
A report on the 106 million Americans - nearly a third of the nation, living below 200% of the federal poverty line. Since 2000, the population living at or below this level has gr… View
If the focus of interest is democratization, including women’s freedom, a basic income is preferable to stakeholding. Prevailing theoretical approaches and conceptions of individua… View
"Do employees benefit from worker representation on corporate boards? Economists and policymakers are keenly interested in this question – especially lately, as worker representati… View
"Under the German corporate governance system of codetermination, employees are legally allocated control rights over corporate assets through seats on the supervisory board—that i… View
"Employee ownership has been an area of significant practitioner and academic interest for the past four decades. Yet, empirical results on the relationship between employee owners… View
"We discuss the potential role of Universal Basic Incomes (UBIs) in advanced countries. A feature of advanced economies that distinguishes them from developing countries is the exi… View
"We examine the role an exogenous increase in household income, due to a government transfer unrelated to household characteristics, plays in children’s long-run outcomes. Children… View
A basic income experiment was conducted in Finland in 2017–2018. During the experiment, a total of 2,000 unemployed persons between 25 and 58 years of age received a monthly paymen… View
* 48% of Americans support a universal basic income program * 46% of supporters would pay higher personal taxes to support it * 80% of supporters say companies should pay higher… View
How would universal and permanent cash transfers affect the labor market? Since 1982, all Alaskan residents have received a yearly cash dividend from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Usi… View
A critique of universal basic income from the left. View
"Unprecedented levels of unemployment and income loss stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic have left many Americans unable to afford basic necessities such as food and housing. In r… View
"It would take only 1 percent of GDP, or a fourth of what we spend on defense every year, to lift every American below the poverty line up above it." View
How does the structure of social policy institutions shape the level of public support for the welfare state? The policy feedback literature predicts that highly inclusive welfare … View
The universal basic income has become a widely discussed measure in policy circles around the world. In this review, we cover the evidence relevant to its potential impact in the U… View
The review surveyed 18 empirical cases and 38 studies. Instead, in some cases, especially in developing countries, cash transfers increased employment. A few decreases in working h… View
"We show that majority of the working population gains from switching from unemployment benefits to a universal basic income, with given unemployment and essentially any wage distr… View
"Specifically, our New Leaf project (NLP) distributed a one-time cash transfer of $7,500 to people experiencing recent homelessness in the Vancouver area." View
Using data from a randomized experiment, we find that poor rural Mexican households invested part of their cash transfers from the Oportunidades program in productive assets, incre… View
The main focus of this paper is to empirically examine the effect of the Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) payouts on Alaska's income inequality by taking into account the roles of inc… View
"This paper analyzes the impact of a negative income tax experiment on the school performance of children in grades 4 through 10. The results indicate that the experimental program… View
An overview of the Alaska Permanent Fund. View
"How large economic stimuli generate individual and aggregate responses is a central question in economics, but has not been studied experimentally. We provided one-time cash trans… View
One concern over giving individuals unconditional cash is that they may squander the money on "temptation goods" like drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. This paper reviews 19 quantitative… View
Surveying data from 7 randomized controlled trials of government-run cash transfer programs in six developing countries, no systematic evidence is found that cash transfer programs… View
Uses a difference-in-difference design and simulation method to estimate the effects of the child tax credit on maternal labor supply. Paper finds that a $1,000 increase in average… View
"We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs and quasiexperimental studies, including peer-reviewed publications and grey literature (e.g. reports, pre-prints, and w… View
A study of how poverty causes stress and negative affective states which, in turn, may lead to short-sighted and risk-averse decision-making, ultimately driving a feedback loop tha… View
A Keynesian articulation of the "institutionalist" case for basic income. Namely, that value is a collective production, and policies like basic income allow for a collective benef… View
Studies the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment from the 1970's in Canada, exploring whether guaranteed income leads to an 'employer response' of either raising or lowering wag… View
A paper exploring some factors driving the downward trend, accelerating since 2000, of business startups. These trends suggest that incentives for entrepreneurs to start new firms … View
In the mid-2000's, expanding SNAP (formerly known as food stamps) eligibility increased enrollment by 3-5%. Newly eligible households were 20% more likely to own a business. The re… View
Studies the relationship between expanding public health insurance and raising entrepreneurship, measured via firm formation rates. Finds the Child Health Insurance Program lowered… View
While previous studies established a negative relationship between total government spending & entrepreneurship, this paper studies a layer deeper, looking at the relationship betw… View
A study of the effects from a large-scale reform of French unemployment benefits that extended coverage to unemployed workers starting businesses. The reform significantly increase… View
In this chapter from *Tackling the Tax Code: Efficient and Equitable Ways to Raise Revenue*, Gale proposes a VAT with: a broad base, a standard rate applied to all taxable purchase… View
Visualization
A visualization of UBI research, including short write-ups on key areas. View
**Key Findings** Income guarantee plans can substantially reduce poverty at reasonable costs. How much poverty is reduced depends upon who is eligible and how the benefit is financ… View
A paper affirming the 'paradox of redistribution': countries achieve more redistribution when they take from all to give to all, rather than when they take specifically from the ri… View
A critical analysis of the sentiment that government aid represents a subsidy paid to low-wage employers, allowing companies like Walmart or McDonald's to pay workers less than the… View
Surveying the evidence from basic income in the developing world, the authors address three questions: what are recipients likely to do with additional income, whether this would u… View
A paper studying the best way to design income transfer programs - like basic income, or the earned income tax credit - given various behavioral responses at the "intensive" and "e… View
The author argues that findings on employment reduction in those who receive unconditional cash transfers from a series of experiments in the US between 1968 - 1980 are often overs… View
A study of whether annual dividends from the Alaskan Permanent Fund boosted entrepreneurship rates, on the hypothesis that unconditional income may reduce risk. The study uses data… View
A sample of low-income Indian manufacturing workers is used to test the hypothesis that reducing worries over financial concerns can raise productivity. Some workers are given cash… View
An overview article of universal basic income in the European context, including simple calculations on some details of a €12,000 per year UBI. View
Extrapolating a similar payment to the US, the authors find that 66,000 annual cases of childhood obesity could be averted, on average, resulting in medical savings of roughly $310… View
Here, financial security is defined as a person's subjective report that they can afford "the things they need now and in the foreseeable future". The authors found that this sense… View
A microeconometric model of labor supply for a sample of Southern, Central, and Northern European countries is used to compare the welfare function effects of various forms of basi… View
The author provides a Keynesian perspective on the macroeconomic effects of cash transfers. View
A review of 14 studies on the impact of cash transfer interventions on infant health. The study suggests that unconditional programmes yielded more positive outcomes regarding birt… View
This paper estimates the cost of childhood poverty in the US, totaling around $500 billion per year, or 4% of GDP. Specifically, they estimate that childhood poverty reduces produc… View
Amidst the landscape of economic evolution over the past few decades, two professors consider how we might rethink antipoverty policy to better fit the new landscape. View
This article proposes that advocates for the poor consider the replacement of the current means-tested safety net in the United States with a Negative Income Tax (NIT), a guarantee… View
The case for a progressive negative income tax is presented in light of the US economy's evolution over the past 25 years. View
Estimates the net cost - after taxes - of a UBI set at $12,000 per adult and $6,000 per child, assuming a 50% marginal tax rate. The net cost is found to be $539 billion per year, … View
Compares the costs of a negative income tax designed to mimic the distributional effects of a universal basic income, set at a level sufficient to eliminate poverty in the US. Auth… View
"The article discusses the conditions under which can we say that people enter the economic system voluntarily. “The Need for an Exit Option” briefly explains the philosophical arg… View
"Recent research also shows that prices have risen more quickly for people at the bottom of the income distribution than for those at the top — a phenomenon dubbed “inflation inequ… View
Jain Family Institute's second installation in a four-part series in 'reweaving the safety net', with an eye towards program design for basic income. Here, they focus on the relati… View
The author constructs an econometric model of the US economy by developing an overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic income risk, inclusive of intensive and extensive mar… View
A dynamic equilibrium model of the economy is used to compare unemployment insurance with universal basic income. Using data from 1990 - 2011, they find that UI beats out UBI for i… View
A simulation of the economy, suggesting the optimal Negative Income Tax consists of a 22% tax rate and a benefit amount equal to 11% of per-capita GDP. NIT outperforms a flat tax r… View
"Fears of a large decrease in labour market participation due to basic income seem to be unfounded, but inference was often hampered by small samples or multiple intervention arms.… View
A series of Negative Income Tax experiments in the U.S. suggested that receiving unconditional cash benefits led recipients decreasing their work effort. This paper suggests that t… View
A series of Negative Income Tax experiments took place in the U.S. under the Nixon administration. Subsequent studies found that recipients significantly reduced their working hour… View
A comparison of wage-subsidies (like the Earned Income Tax Credit) with unconditional cash transfers (like UBI). The author, after considering economic, moral, and political dimens… View
The author proposes an expansion of the EITC in order to capture many of the benefits inherent in a basic income, while avoiding some of the usual points of contention and politica… View
"Cash transfers go directly to people in need, while health insurance expansions pay mainly for care that the uninsured already receive, an economist says." View
The authors propose a basic income program via extending & overhauling the Earned Income Tax Credit, eliminating the wage-earning requirements so that everyone beneath a certain th… View
**Abstract** Discussions of changes in the Social Security program must necessarily consider the impact of such changes on the well-being of the poor elderly. Under the current sys… View
"Ranking Member Sessions and the minority staff of the Senate Budget Committee requested from the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service (CRS) an overview of cumulative means-t… View
JFI, a research organization dedicated to studying guaranteed income, released this position paper, in which they outline their current view regarding next steps for implementing a… View
Breaking from decades of welfare strategies, President Biden expanded the child tax credit in July 2021, providing payments to all families below a given income threshold. Many hav… View
This paper used data from the British Household Panel Survey to explore the effects of economic insecurity on mental health in the working age UK population. While much literature … View
Summarizing research from the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University, David Koggan delves into the headline finding: that the benefits created by a child allowa… View
Adam Smith's seminal treatise on economics. View
“When taxing real property at the local level in the United States, land and improvements to the land, such as buildings, are generally taxed at the same rate. Two-rate (or split-r… View
A computable general equilibrium model of the New York City economy is generated to study the efficiency of land value taxation in a dense, urban context. The authors find signific… View
Uses panel data set of 63 firms covering years between 1970 - 1985, concluding that parity-codetermination (1/2 board representation) is associated with lower productivity but high… View
A qualitative analysis of the potential codetermination holds for protecting democratic institutions from the dangers inherent in the accumulation of extreme waelth by private corp… View
This paper argues that, given the legal, social, and institutional differences between Germany and the United States, the U.S. stands to experience fewer benefits and greater conse… View
Using a new cross-country dataset that differentiates between market inequality (before taxes and transfers) and net inequality (after), researchers from the International Monetary… View
This study compared the effects of unconditional cash transfers and psychotherapy among over 5,000 individuals across rural Kenya. View
This study of Finnish codetermination uses both a difference-in-difference model and a qualitative survey of Finnish workers. They find a small reduction in layoffs, moderate incre… View
Survey studies from 1998, 1996, and 1984 suggest that Swedish codetermination has been well received by managers and labor representatives alike. View
Immigrants are found to be more productive than natives, as measured by number of patents, patent citations, and economic value of those patents. Authors find that immigrant-driven… View
The widening gap between CEO compensation and worker compensation is a significant contributor to overall inequality. This report explores varoious policy solutions to this problem… View
A long line of critical fiscal theorists has pointed to the limits of financing a politics of emancipation through levies on a regressive economy. We need to heed their warnings to… View