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Industrial Relations

Industrial relations refers to the web of relationships between employers and employees, labor and trade unions, employer organizations, and the state.
Only 5% of Swedish corporate directors reported codetermination had a negative impact on company activities. Even without codetermination, European countries have high baseline levels of worker participation. Surveys of European managers suggest that the level of involvement in decision-making between workers with and without formal board representation are comparable. Property rights theory arguments against codetermination suggest that codetermination might create tension between innovation and employment, and may increase the time needed to make decisions. A 1998 German commission unanimously concluded that codetermination deepened trust between management and labor, improving information flow. The larger the company, the more likely the directors indicated positive views of codetermination. 61% of Swedish corporate directors reported positive experiences with employee board representation.
What Does Codetermination Do? Class Struggle Inside The Firm: A Study of German Codetermination Codetermination in Sweden: Myth and Reality Fighting Short-Termism with Worker Power Co-Determination and Innovation
Benjamin Schoefer Shakkad Noy Simon Jäger Frank A. Schmid Gary Gorton Klas Levinson Susan Holmberg R. Dewenter
Basic Income Codetermination
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