Model Behavior: A Critical Review of Macroeconomic Models for Guaranteed Income & the Child Tax Credit

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A report on the 106 million Americans - nearly a third of the nation, living below 200% of the federal poverty line. Since 2000, the population living at or below this level has gr… View

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Summarizing research from the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University, David Koggan delves into the headline finding: that the benefits created by a child allowa… View

Academic Paper

“This paper reviews arguments for land value taxation (LVT) as a tool to stop urban sprawl, eliminate land speculation, reduce housing costs, and provide tax relief. It is found th… View

Academic Paper

"Various types of basic income schemes are considered to compensate the allocative inefficiencies induced by unemployment benefits. A dynamic general equilibrium model of a unionis… View

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"This report provides an analysis of how a system of land value taxation could work in England and addresses key issues relating to its practical implementation." View

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A report for the incoming Mayor of London, advocating for a land value tax trial in the city. View

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The paper examines the effect of taxing structures at a lower rate than land on the level of construction in 15 Pennsylvania municipalities between 1972 and 1994. These municipalit… View

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“Job displacement stemming from automation has already taken away millions of jobs in the United States. Andrew Yang fears that future advancements could replace further jobs and e… View

“When taxing real property at the local level in the United States, land and improvements to the land, such as buildings, are generally taxed at the same rate. Two-rate (or split-r… View

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With the rapid development of computer, artificial intelligence and big data technology, artificial neural networks have become one of the most powerful machine learning algorithms… View

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"This paper reports on a year-long survey project designed to ascertain state legislators’ awareness and knowledge of land taxation issues. The survey was conducted during the 2002… View

Academic Paper

“Unconditional basic income, or a public-sector job guarantee, are usually discussed as alternative policies, though the first does not provide the benefits of an earned income and… View

Academic Paper

"An explicit unconditional basic income linked with a proportional tax rate and corresponding negative income tax schedule are generally thought to produce an equal distribution of… View

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A look back on the results of the basic income pilot program carried out in Namibia. View

Academic Paper

A Keynesian articulation of the "institutionalist" case for basic income. Namely, that value is a collective production, and policies like basic income allow for a collective benef… View

The author provides a Keynesian perspective on the macroeconomic effects of cash transfers. View

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"Unprecedented levels of unemployment and income loss stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic have left many Americans unable to afford basic necessities such as food and housing. In r… View

Academic Paper

"We document the consequences of open market share repurchases in a global setting, using over 20,000 announcements from 32 countries. Non-U.S. buybacks are associated, on average,… View

Academic Paper

The main focus of this paper is to empirically examine the effect of the Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) payouts on Alaska's income inequality by taking into account the roles of inc… View

Academic Paper

A study of the effects from a large-scale reform of French unemployment benefits that extended coverage to unemployed workers starting businesses. The reform significantly increase… View

Academic Paper

"Under the German corporate governance system of codetermination, employees are legally allocated control rights over corporate assets through seats on the supervisory board—that i… View

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One concern over giving individuals unconditional cash is that they may squander the money on "temptation goods" like drugs, tobacco, or alcohol. This paper reviews 19 quantitative… View

The widening gap between CEO compensation and worker compensation is a significant contributor to overall inequality. This report explores varoious policy solutions to this problem… View

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Amidst the landscape of economic evolution over the past few decades, two professors consider how we might rethink antipoverty policy to better fit the new landscape. View

Academic Paper

Uses a difference-in-difference design and simulation method to estimate the effects of the child tax credit on maternal labor supply. Paper finds that a $1,000 increase in average… View

Article

"City Council on Monday informally agreed to eliminate its sometimes-controversial “land value” property tax, starting next year, because the tax never proved to be effective and b… View

Academic Paper

"Under the German corporate governance system of "codetermination," employees are legally allocated some control rights over corporate assets, in the form of board seats. We empiri… View

Uses panel data set of 63 firms covering years between 1970 - 1985, concluding that parity-codetermination (1/2 board representation) is associated with lower productivity but high… View

Academic Paper

"This paper examines the effect of the German co-determination law of 1976 (MitbestG) on the innovative activity of German firms. Co-determination applies to firms with 2000 employ… View

Academic Paper

"How does codetermination—entitling workers to participate in firm governance, either through membership on company boards or the formation of works councils—affect corporate decis… View

A qualitative analysis of the potential codetermination holds for protecting democratic institutions from the dangers inherent in the accumulation of extreme waelth by private corp… View

This paper argues that, given the legal, social, and institutional differences between Germany and the United States, the U.S. stands to experience fewer benefits and greater conse… View

Academic Paper

"We present the first panel estimates of the productivity effects of the unique German institution of parity, board-level co-determination. Although our data span two severe recess… View

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"The event study examines the impact of decisions of German courts during the period 1974-1995 on co-determination issues on the stock price developments of the firms concerned. Th… View

Survey studies from 1998, 1996, and 1984 suggest that Swedish codetermination has been well received by managers and labor representatives alike. View

Article

"Like collective bargaining coverage, codetermination is becoming less and less significant in German companies. Only a minority of employees, especially in East Germany, work in c… View

Academic Paper

"We examine whether the German system of codetermination affects output, industrial employment, and R&D when firm asymmetry relies on different governance structures due to codeter… View

Article

A conservative call for stronger labor institutions, in particular seeking to reform and reinvigorate the laws that govern organizing and collective bargaining. The letter sites ri… View

Academic Paper

The case for a progressive negative income tax is presented in light of the US economy's evolution over the past 25 years. View

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"Ranking Member Sessions and the minority staff of the Senate Budget Committee requested from the nonpartisan Congressional Research Service (CRS) an overview of cumulative means-t… View

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Academic Paper

Surveying data from 7 randomized controlled trials of government-run cash transfer programs in six developing countries, no systematic evidence is found that cash transfer programs… View

Academic Paper

"In the postwar era, developed economies have experienced two substantial trends in the net capital share of aggregate income: a rise during the last several decades, which is well… View

Article

While Germany is often used as an example for strong codetermination laws, there are far deeper potential applications of economic democracy to corporate governance. This study com… View

Academic Paper

"We provide evidence that democracy has a significant and robust positive effect on GDP. Our empirical strategy relies on a dichotomous measure of democracy coded from several sour… View

Academic Paper

If the focus of interest is democratization, including women’s freedom, a basic income is preferable to stakeholding. Prevailing theoretical approaches and conceptions of individua… View

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A review of 14 studies on the impact of cash transfer interventions on infant health. The study suggests that unconditional programmes yielded more positive outcomes regarding birt… View

Academic Paper

"Do employees benefit from worker representation on corporate boards? Economists and policymakers are keenly interested in this question – especially lately, as worker representati… View

Academic Paper

A study of whether annual dividends from the Alaskan Permanent Fund boosted entrepreneurship rates, on the hypothesis that unconditional income may reduce risk. The study uses data… View

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Academic Paper

"Within the German corporate governance system, labor representation on the supervisory board is common and typically legally mandated. Because labor has detailed knowledge of firm… View

Article

A critical analysis of the sentiment that government aid represents a subsidy paid to low-wage employers, allowing companies like Walmart or McDonald's to pay workers less than the… View

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A sample of low-income Indian manufacturing workers is used to test the hypothesis that reducing worries over financial concerns can raise productivity. Some workers are given cash… View

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"A new index shows how greater economic democracy leads to more prosperity." View

Academic Paper

While these study found negative economic effects, the same studies contradict their findings in a series of future studies, finding a series of positive effects. View

Academic Paper

This paper used data from the British Household Panel Survey to explore the effects of economic insecurity on mental health in the working age UK population. While much literature … View

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“In 1997, the Mexican government designed the conditional cash transfer program Progresa, which became the worldwide model of a new approach to social programs, simultaneously targ… View

Academic Paper

Breaking from decades of welfare strategies, President Biden expanded the child tax credit in July 2021, providing payments to all families below a given income threshold. Many hav… View

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Given an unequal economy, this paper examines the most efficient strategies for redistribution. They use an econometric model that reproduces the levels of income and wealth inequa… View

Academic Paper

"We show that majority of the working population gains from switching from unemployment benefits to a universal basic income, with given unemployment and essentially any wage distr… View

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The author proposes an expansion of the EITC in order to capture many of the benefits inherent in a basic income, while avoiding some of the usual points of contention and politica… View

Academic Paper

"Employee ownership has been an area of significant practitioner and academic interest for the past four decades. Yet, empirical results on the relationship between employee owners… View

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"This paper explores the link between employee perceptions of working conditions and the desire for worker representation in Britain and the US. We find that the distribution of em… View

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"We analyze how direct employee voice affects financial leverage. German law mandates that firms’ supervisory boards consist of an equal number of employees’ and owners’ representa… View

Academic Paper

"Why do employees have rights to representation within corporate boards in some countries, but not in others? Board-level codetermination is widely considered a distinctive feature… View

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"We analyse how countries' innovation outcomes are affected by national legislations of worker participation to corporate governance. We develop a model of employee representation … View

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Studies the relationship between expanding public health insurance and raising entrepreneurship, measured via firm formation rates. Finds the Child Health Insurance Program lowered… View

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While previous studies established a negative relationship between total government spending & entrepreneurship, this paper studies a layer deeper, looking at the relationship betw… View

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"The author estimates the effect that a land value tax on commercial and industrial property would have in Minnesota. There would be winners and losers, but concurrent declassifica… View

Academic Paper

"This study examines how replacing a uniform property tax with a land value tax (LVT) would shift the tax burden for single-family residential properties in Tarrant County, Texas, … View

Academic Paper

"This article investigates how a basic income could transform families and gender power relations within them. We draw on Hirschman’s exit, voice and loyalty framework to argue tha… View

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This article proposes that advocates for the poor consider the replacement of the current means-tested safety net in the United States with a Negative Income Tax (NIT), a guarantee… View

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The author argues that findings on employment reduction in those who receive unconditional cash transfers from a series of experiments in the US between 1968 - 1980 are often overs… View

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"Fighting Short-Termism With Worker Power asks, “Can Germany’s co-determination system fix American corporate governance?” Prioritizing immediate increases in share price and payou… View

Academic Paper

In the mid-2000's, expanding SNAP (formerly known as food stamps) eligibility increased enrollment by 3-5%. Newly eligible households were 20% more likely to own a business. The re… View

Academic Paper

"How large economic stimuli generate individual and aggregate responses is a central question in economics, but has not been studied experimentally. We provided one-time cash trans… View

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The authors propose a basic income program via extending & overhauling the Earned Income Tax Credit, eliminating the wage-earning requirements so that everyone beneath a certain th… View

Academic Paper

**Abstract** Discussions of changes in the Social Security program must necessarily consider the impact of such changes on the well-being of the poor elderly. Under the current sys… View

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Article

"It would take only 1 percent of GDP, or a fourth of what we spend on defense every year, to lift every American below the poverty line up above it." View

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"Urban sprawl has become a policy concern of national prominence. Land or split-rate taxes are one potential way to address this issue. In theory, such taxes can lower the land/cap… View

Article

"We need to tax land. But the wealth of the middle class is mostly in land. How do we untie this knot?" View

Academic Paper

"Employee attitude is very important for management to determine the behavior of workers in the organization. The usually judgment about employees is that “A satisfied worker is a … View

Academic Paper

"We study impacts of a cash transfer program with no means-test and no work restrictions: the US Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) Disability Compensation program. Our empirical s… View

Academic Paper

"A land value tax is a recurrent tax on landowners based on the value of unimproved land. There is a widely held view that a land value tax is an economically efficient means of ta… View

Academic Paper

"Land value taxation has numerous potential advantages compared to conventional property taxes on capital and land. The models that establish these advantages, however, are grounde… View

Report

US Census Bureau report on income and poverty for 2019. View

Report

**Key Findings** Income guarantee plans can substantially reduce poverty at reasonable costs. How much poverty is reduced depends upon who is eligible and how the benefit is financ… View

Academic Paper

Using data from a randomized experiment, we find that poor rural Mexican households invested part of their cash transfers from the Oportunidades program in productive assets, incre… View

Academic Paper

"We analyze private fixed investment in the U.S. over the past 30 years. We show that investment is weak relative to measures of profitability and valuation – particularly Tobin’s … View

Academic Paper

The review surveyed 18 empirical cases and 38 studies. Instead, in some cases, especially in developing countries, cash transfers increased employment. A few decreases in working h… View

Report

JFI, a research organization dedicated to studying guaranteed income, released this position paper, in which they outline their current view regarding next steps for implementing a… View

Academic Paper

"Empirical analysis comparing univariate and bivariate probit models reveals that the results from the former are negatively biased; potentially indicating that prior research may … View

Report

A basic income experiment was conducted in Finland in 2017–2018. During the experiment, a total of 2,000 unemployed persons between 25 and 58 years of age received a monthly paymen… View

Academic Paper

"We estimate the effects of a mandate allocating a third of corporate board seats to workers (shared governance). We study a reform in Germany that abruptly abolished this mandate … View

Academic Paper

How would universal and permanent cash transfers affect the labor market? Since 1982, all Alaskan residents have received a yearly cash dividend from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Usi… View

Academic Paper

"If workers are wealth maximizers, codetermination should lead to less risky investments, smaller dividends, reduced firm leverage, higher and more stable salaries, and more capita… View

Report

A PhD thesis offering a comprehensive history of the Georgist movement. View

A computable general equilibrium model of the New York City economy is generated to study the efficiency of land value taxation in a dense, urban context. The authors find signific… View

Academic Paper

“We use a unique data-set to examine to what extent changes in the Danish land tax are capitalized into house prices. The Danish local-government reform in 2007, which caused tax i… View

Academic Paper

"The taxation of property based on market values requires frequent appraisals for a large number of properties. In light of the recent property tax reform discussion in Germany, it… View

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"It has been argued by advocates of land value taxation that the centrepiece of tax reform should be land taxation, because of the efficiency, equity, simplicity and ethical advant… View

Academic Paper

"Incentive and liquidity effects of Pittsburgh's land value tax system are hypothesized to encourage new housing development. To test this hypothesis, an econometric model is estim… View

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Poll

The poll ran from August 2nd - 5th in 2020, with a sample size of 2,850 registered voters. View

Academic Paper

"The U.S. has a plethora of federal and state tax and benefit programs, each with its own work incentives and disincentives. This paper uses the Fiscal Analyzer (TFA) to assess how… View

Academic Paper

"The objective of this research is to evaluate a land value tax as a potential policy tool to moderate sprawling development in Nashville, TN, the nation’s most sprawling metropoli… View

Academic Paper

"We estimate the first cross-sectional index of transaction-based land values for every U.S. metropolitan area. The index accounts for geographic selection and incorporates novel s… View

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The third installment in a series by the Jain Family Institute researching the theory and practice of guaranteed income. In particular, this installment focuses on the potential ma… View

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"Specifically, our New Leaf project (NLP) distributed a one-time cash transfer of $7,500 to people experiencing recent homelessness in the Vancouver area." View

Academic Paper

A simulation of the economy, suggesting the optimal Negative Income Tax consists of a 22% tax rate and a benefit amount equal to 11% of per-capita GDP. NIT outperforms a flat tax r… View

Academic Paper

The universal basic income has become a widely discussed measure in policy circles around the world. In this review, we cover the evidence relevant to its potential impact in the U… View

Academic Paper

A study of how poverty causes stress and negative affective states which, in turn, may lead to short-sighted and risk-averse decision-making, ultimately driving a feedback loop tha… View

Article

An overview article of universal basic income in the European context, including simple calculations on some details of a €12,000 per year UBI. View

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A paper studying the best way to design income transfer programs - like basic income, or the earned income tax credit - given various behavioral responses at the "intensive" and "e… View

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"We examine the role an exogenous increase in household income, due to a government transfer unrelated to household characteristics, plays in children’s long-run outcomes. Children… View

Academic Paper

"This study examines whether parity codetermination at German supervisory boards improves labor investment efficiency at firm level. We focus on labor, as it is an important produc… View

Book

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Academic Paper

Fifteen cities in Pennsylvania are pioneering an innovative approach to local tax reform that harnesses market incentives for urban renewal. Opting for the so-called "two-rate" or … View

Article

How does the structure of social policy institutions shape the level of public support for the welfare state? The policy feedback literature predicts that highly inclusive welfare … View

Academic Paper

A case for responding to the economic effects of the Covid-19 crises by shifting federal tax burdens onto land value taxes. The authors develop an econometric model of the US econo… View

Academic Paper

"Fears of a large decrease in labour market participation due to basic income seem to be unfounded, but inference was often hampered by small samples or multiple intervention arms.… View

Academic Paper

"The advancement of computational software within the last decade has facilitated enhanced uptake of mass appraisal methodologies by the valuation and prediction accuracy in comput… View

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“Using two new data sets from France, the authors present the first study of the comparative productivity of labor-managed and conventional firms involving large representative sam… View

Academic Paper

"Many libertarians object to state-funded welfare systems because they think that the taxation necessary to fund such systems violates individual property rights. In this paper, I … View

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Poll

* 48% of Americans support a universal basic income program * 46% of supporters would pay higher personal taxes to support it * 80% of supporters say companies should pay higher… View

Academic Paper

In this chapter from *Tackling the Tax Code: Efficient and Equitable Ways to Raise Revenue*, Gale proposes a VAT with: a broad base, a standard rate applied to all taxable purchase… View

Book

"What is a just society? It is a society in which the real freedom to do whatever one might wish to do is fairly distributed among all. This conception of social justice combines f… View

Academic Paper

“This paper considers how land value taxation (LVT) may resolve the dilemma of declining central cities and sprawling urban areas. Literature review, discussions with professionals… View

Using a new cross-country dataset that differentiates between market inequality (before taxes and transfers) and net inequality (after), researchers from the International Monetary… View

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Jain Family Institute's second installation in a four-part series in 'reweaving the safety net', with an eye towards program design for basic income. Here, they focus on the relati… View

Poll

Satisfaction with U.S. economy down 25 points since 2020. Satisfaction with crime, terrorism, racial issues also down sharply. Most widespread satisfaction with military strength; … View

Visualization

A visualization of UBI research, including short write-ups on key areas. View

Academic Paper

"This paper reports on the results of simulating a revenue-neutral shift from a statewide uniform property tax to a land value tax. The statewide economic impacts of such a tax ref… View

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Academic Paper

A series of Negative Income Tax experiments took place in the U.S. under the Nixon administration. Subsequent studies found that recipients significantly reduced their working hour… View

Academic Paper

"There has recently been much public debate about the introduction of a land value tax. To its supporters such a tax promises to achieve several goals simultaneously. On closer ins… View

Report

An overview of the Alaska Permanent Fund. View

Article

A critique of universal basic income from the left. View

Article

"A well-functioning tax system requires that everyone pays the taxes they owe. Today, the “tax gap”—the difference between taxes that are owed and collected—totals around $600 bill… View

Academic Paper

A microeconometric model of labor supply for a sample of Southern, Central, and Northern European countries is used to compare the welfare function effects of various forms of basi… View

Academic Paper

A paper affirming the 'paradox of redistribution': countries achieve more redistribution when they take from all to give to all, rather than when they take specifically from the ri… View

Article

"Democratic senators are embracing the idea of putting employee representatives on corporate boards—which could bolster not just worker power and income but American democracy as w… View

This study compared the effects of unconditional cash transfers and psychotherapy among over 5,000 individuals across rural Kenya. View

Academic Paper

“The literature examining the link between the intensity of urban land use and methods of local finance is examined. The widely held notion that the switch from a general property … View

Immigrants are found to be more productive than natives, as measured by number of patents, patent citations, and economic value of those patents. Authors find that immigrant-driven… View

Academic Paper

Estimates the net cost - after taxes - of a UBI set at $12,000 per adult and $6,000 per child, assuming a 50% marginal tax rate. The net cost is found to be $539 billion per year, … View

Report

Converting the current Child Tax Credit to a child allowance—by making it fully refundable, increasing its value to $3,600 per child age 0-5, $3,000 per child age 6-17, and distrib… View

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"Recent research also shows that prices have risen more quickly for people at the bottom of the income distribution than for those at the top — a phenomenon dubbed “inflation inequ… View

Academic Paper

This paper estimates the cost of childhood poverty in the US, totaling around $500 billion per year, or 4% of GDP. Specifically, they estimate that childhood poverty reduces produc… View

Academic Paper

"Outside directors and audit committees are widely considered to be central elements of good corporate governance. We use a 1999 Korean law as an exogenous shock to assess whether … View

Academic Paper

"This paper analyzes the impact of a negative income tax experiment on the school performance of children in grades 4 through 10. The results indicate that the experimental program… View

Academic Paper

Studies the Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment from the 1970's in Canada, exploring whether guaranteed income leads to an 'employer response' of either raising or lowering wag… View

Academic Paper

Here, financial security is defined as a person's subjective report that they can afford "the things they need now and in the foreseeable future". The authors found that this sense… View

Academic Paper

"Would unconditional cash payments reduce crime and violence? This paper examines data on crime and violence in the context of an understudied social experiment from the late 1970s… View

Report

"We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs and quasiexperimental studies, including peer-reviewed publications and grey literature (e.g. reports, pre-prints, and w… View

Academic Paper

"In 1979–80, the city of Pittsburgh restructured its property tax system by raising the rate on land to more than five times the rate on structures. This paper explores the impact … View

Academic Paper

"Many studies on the effect of codetermination at company-level reveal its significant influence on wage levels within companies. However, does this effect at the micro-level resul… View

Academic Paper

The author constructs an econometric model of the US economy by developing an overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic income risk, inclusive of intensive and extensive mar… View

Report

Federal investment in housing: we asked respondents whether they would support a large scale investment in public housing. Forty-three percent of likely 2018 voters in support, 40 … View

Academic Paper

"The article discusses the conditions under which can we say that people enter the economic system voluntarily. “The Need for an Exit Option” briefly explains the philosophical arg… View

Academic Paper

"Universal basic income (UBI) is a radical policy proposal of a monthly cash grant given to all members of a community without means test, regardless of personal desert, with no st… View

Academic Paper

Compares the costs of a negative income tax designed to mimic the distributional effects of a universal basic income, set at a level sufficient to eliminate poverty in the US. Auth… View

Report

Simulates a UBI funded by land value taxation (”land dividend”) in the UK. They find a 1% land divided could fund a UBI of £16 per week, reducing poverty by 20% and benefitting 70%… View

Academic Paper

A paper exploring some factors driving the downward trend, accelerating since 2000, of business startups. These trends suggest that incentives for entrepreneurs to start new firms … View

Article

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Academic Paper

"Generally, subsidies increase the supply of goods beyond optimal amounts, and generate deadweight losses. The urban fringes receive implicit land-rent subsidies from the governmen… View

A long line of critical fiscal theorists has pointed to the limits of financing a politics of emancipation through levies on a regressive economy. We need to heed their warnings to… View

Book

Adam Smith's seminal treatise on economics. View

Academic Paper

“The paper explores the determinants of land value and rent level in a large cross-section of German municipalities, controlling for several amenities, disamenities, the local stru… View

Article

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Academic Paper

"We discuss the potential role of Universal Basic Incomes (UBIs) in advanced countries. A feature of advanced economies that distinguishes them from developing countries is the exi… View

Academic Paper

A series of Negative Income Tax experiments in the U.S. suggested that receiving unconditional cash benefits led recipients decreasing their work effort. This paper suggests that t… View

Article

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Academic Paper

One of the most common arguments against universal basic income is the idea that it will cause inflation. In this paper I will review the theoretical interactions between an univer… View

Academic Paper

"We study the introduction of Universal Basic Income (UBI) with a particular focus on how it affects real estate and the urban environment. The main effect of UBI is a trade-off be… View

Report

Simulations done using the Landman Economics tax-benefit model. A primary limitation of this model is that it assumes UBI has no effect on individuals’ labor market behavior, i.e.,… View

Report

"This briefing considers arguments for and against UBI and examines what can be learned from efforts to realise it in practice. It describes different meanings and versions of UBI,… View

Academic Paper

Surveying the evidence from basic income in the developing world, the authors address three questions: what are recipients likely to do with additional income, whether this would u… View

Academic Paper

A dynamic equilibrium model of the economy is used to compare unemployment insurance with universal basic income. Using data from 1990 - 2011, they find that UI beats out UBI for i… View

Academic Paper

Extrapolating a similar payment to the US, the authors find that 66,000 annual cases of childhood obesity could be averted, on average, resulting in medical savings of roughly $310… View

Report

U.S. Senator Tammy Baldwin's bill to implement codetermination. View

This study of Finnish codetermination uses both a difference-in-difference model and a qualitative survey of Finnish workers. They find a small reduction in layoffs, moderate incre… View

Academic Paper

"Much of the American labor force spends time in "private governments" over which they have little say during and beyond the work day. Do Americans prefer to work for businesses th… View

Academic Paper

Provides a qualitative review of existing codetermination laws, and a quantitative study on the country-level effects of codetermination reforms between the 1960's and 2010's. Over… View

Article

"Universal basic income takes on distinct forms in different historical and geographic contexts. It varies based on the funding proposal, the level of payment, the frequency of pay… View

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Academic Paper

A comparison of wage-subsidies (like the Earned Income Tax Credit) with unconditional cash transfers (like UBI). The author, after considering economic, moral, and political dimens… View

Article

"Cash transfers go directly to people in need, while health insurance expansions pay mainly for care that the uninsured already receive, an economist says." View